DMS power applications, in the online mode, need to satisfy two important features when large-scale distribution systems are considered: high speed and high accuracy. The offline mode is mainly used for planning and optimization purposes, whereas the online mode is used for the real-time monitoring, control, and maintenance of the secure operation of the distribution system. DMS power applications are used in both offline and online operational modes. DMS consists of supervisory, control and data acquisition (SCADA) system for monitoring, control, and data acquisition and a broad collection of power system applications including planning, optimization, and control. In order to properly monitor, control, optimize, and maintain the secure operation of the systems, distribution system operators use distribution management system (DMS) software packages. Finally, calculation results on a distribution test system with all DER types are used to prove the claim. Nonetheless, potential solutions to the challenges are systematically reviewed. And this will lead to serious errors in managing, control, and operation of distribution systems. This paper shows that there will be high calculation errors in such practice, which makes the system model be an inadequate representation of the system. However, most of the DMS software packages still use the traditional models to represent all DER types, including those that are electronically coupled. Moreover, because fault currents of DERs are limited to predefined maximal values, electronically coupled DERs cannot be represented with traditional voltage source behind impedance models for online short-circuit calculation (SCC). Therefore, DERs cannot be modeled with the traditional PQ (load or generator bus), and PV (generator bus) bus types used for modeling synchronous and induction machines in online power flow calculations. DERs can employ a wide range of control strategies for power, current, or voltage control, in both normal and faulted conditions. In the last decade, electronically coupled DERs became increasingly popular. We aim to systematically review challenges imposed by emerging distributed energy resources (DERs) to model in two basic distribution management system (DMS) online applications-power flow and short-circuit analysis, as well as to offer a systematic review of potential solutions.
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